Capstone Med-Surg Practice Exam

Insulin is the hormone primarily responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. It is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and plays a crucial role in maintaining normal glucose homeostasis in the body. When we consume carbohydrates, blood glucose levels rise, prompting the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly in muscle and adipose (fat) tissue, where it can be used for energy or stored as glycogen. This action lowers blood sugar levels back to a normal range.

In addition to promoting glucose uptake, insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose in the liver) and lipolysis (the breakdown of fat), further contributing to the regulation of blood sugar levels. Without adequate insulin, blood glucose levels can rise dramatically, leading to conditions such as hyperglycemia and, eventually, diabetes mellitus.

Other hormones listed, such as glucagon, cortisol, and adrenaline, do play roles in glucose metabolism but are primarily involved in situations where the body needs to raise blood sugar levels. For instance, glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low to stimulate the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose. Cortisol and adrenaline help raise blood sugar in response to stress but do not primarily regulate it. Thus,