What is the most serious complication of untreated hypertension?

The most serious complication of untreated hypertension is stroke. Chronic high blood pressure can lead to the hardening and thickening of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which can ultimately result in a blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain. This is particularly dangerous because when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, brain cells begin to die within minutes, leading to significant neurological deficits or even death.

In addition, strokes can come in two forms: ischemic strokes, which are caused by blockages, and hemorrhagic strokes, which result from bleeding in or around the brain due to a ruptured vessel. Both types are associated with hypertension and can have devastating effects on a person's functionality and quality of life.

While heart failure, kidney failure, and vision loss are also serious complications related to untreated hypertension, the immediate risk and potential for rapid and catastrophic outcomes make stroke the most acute concern. The other complications generally develop over a longer period and often involve a variety of interrelated health issues, but stroke can lead to immediate life-threatening situations, enhancing its status as the most serious complication.